Oil Prices in 2015: WTI & Brent History and Monthly Averages
WTI averaged $48.66 per barrel in 2015, down $44.51 (47.8%) from 2014; that was the lowest annual average since 2004.
Monthly average prices in 2015
| Month | WTI avg | WTI high | WTI low | Brent avg | Brent − WTI (matched dates) | WTI (September 2026 $) | Brent (September 2026 $) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| January | $47.22 | $52.72 | $44.08 | $47.76 | +$0.54 | $68.08 | $68.86 |
| February | $50.58 | $53.56 | $47.65 | $58.10 | +$7.33 | $72.61 | $83.40 |
| March | $47.82 | $51.53 | $43.39 | $55.89 | +$8.06 | $68.24 | $79.75 |
| April | $54.45 | $59.62 | $49.13 | $59.52 | +$5.07 | $77.54 | $84.76 |
| May | $59.27 | $60.93 | $57.29 | $64.08 | +$4.81 | $83.98 | $90.79 |
| June | $59.82 | $61.36 | $58.00 | $61.48 | +$1.66 | $84.46 | $86.81 |
| July | $50.90 | $56.94 | $47.11 | $56.56 | +$5.55 | $71.86 | $79.85 |
| August | $42.87 | $49.20 | $38.22 | $46.52 | +$3.72 | $60.61 | $65.77 |
| September | $45.48 | $47.12 | $44.07 | $47.62 | +$2.20 | $64.40 | $67.43 |
| October | $46.22 | $49.67 | $43.19 | $48.43 | +$2.21 | $65.48 | $68.61 |
| November | $42.44 | $47.88 | $39.27 | $44.27 | +$1.88 | $60.25 | $62.85 |
| December | $37.19 | $41.08 | $34.55 | $38.01 | +$0.76 | $52.98 | $54.15 |
Monthly averages are EIA's published figures. Brent − WTI is the average over dates with both prices published, so it can differ from the difference between the two monthly averages. Inflation-adjusted columns use CPI-U for each month, expressed in September 2026 dollars; “—” means CPI-U for that month is not available.
The price moved by 5% or more in a single day 23 times. The steepest fall within the year ran from $61.36 on Jun 10, 2015 to $34.55 on Dec 21, 2015, a 44% drop. From $43.39 on Mar 17, 2015, WTI climbed to $61.36 by Jun 10, 2015, a 41% gain. Between June and July the monthly average fell $8.92, the largest month-to-month change of the year.
Brent averaged $52.32, down $46.65 (47.1%) from 2014, with daily prices from $35.26 to $66.33; on 254 matched dates it was on average $3.62 above WTI.
Monthly averages peaked early, at $59.82 in June, and bottomed at $37.19 in December. In September 2026 dollars (CPI-U), the 2015 average is $69.17, higher than 2025's real average by $0.74 (1.1%). The 2010s as a whole averaged $72.42, so 2015 ran below its decade. Of 40 complete years with an EIA annual average, 2015 ranks 19th highest.
2015 summary statistics
| Measure | WTI | Brent | Brent − WTI |
|---|---|---|---|
| Average | $48.66 | $52.32 | +$3.62 |
| Change vs 2014 average | −$44.51 | −$46.65 | −$2.14 |
| Highest daily price | $61.36 Jun 10, 2015 | $66.33 May 13, 2015 | — |
| Lowest daily price | $34.55 Dec 21, 2015 | $35.26 Dec 22, 2015 | — |
| Highest daily spread | — | — | +$13.74 Feb 26, 2015 |
| Lowest daily spread | — | — | −$2.67 Jan 14, 2015 |
| First observation | $52.72 Jan 2, 2015 | $55.38 Jan 2, 2015 | — |
| Last observation | $37.13 Dec 31, 2015 | $36.61 Dec 31, 2015 | — |
| Published daily observations | 254 | 257 | 254 matched |
| Average in September 2026 dollars | $69.17 | $74.38 | — |
Daily spot prices in 2015
Show all 257 dates (Jan 2, 2015 – Dec 31, 2015)
| Date | WTI | Brent | Brent − WTI |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jan 2, 2015 | $52.72 | $55.38 | +$2.66 |
| Jan 5, 2015 | $50.05 | $51.08 | +$1.03 |
| Jan 6, 2015 | $47.98 | $50.12 | +$2.14 |
| Jan 7, 2015 | $48.69 | $49.06 | +$0.37 |
| Jan 8, 2015 | $48.80 | $49.43 | +$0.63 |
| Jan 9, 2015 | $48.35 | $47.64 | −$0.71 |
| Jan 12, 2015 | $46.06 | $46.90 | +$0.84 |
| Jan 13, 2015 | $45.92 | $45.13 | −$0.79 |
| Jan 14, 2015 | $48.49 | $45.82 | −$2.67 |
| Jan 15, 2015 | $46.37 | $47.66 | +$1.29 |
| Jan 16, 2015 | $48.49 | $47.38 | −$1.11 |
| Jan 20, 2015 | $46.79 | $46.49 | −$0.30 |
| Jan 21, 2015 | $47.85 | $46.50 | −$1.35 |
| Jan 22, 2015 | $45.93 | $46.09 | +$0.16 |
| Jan 23, 2015 | $45.26 | $46.69 | +$1.43 |
| Jan 26, 2015 | $44.80 | $46.07 | +$1.27 |
| Jan 27, 2015 | $45.84 | $46.55 | +$0.71 |
| Jan 28, 2015 | $44.08 | $47.07 | +$2.99 |
| Jan 29, 2015 | $44.12 | $46.61 | +$2.49 |
| Jan 30, 2015 | $47.79 | $47.52 | −$0.27 |
| Feb 2, 2015 | $49.25 | $51.74 | +$2.49 |
| Feb 3, 2015 | $53.04 | $54.41 | +$1.37 |
| Feb 4, 2015 | $48.45 | $55.07 | +$6.62 |
| Feb 5, 2015 | $50.48 | $55.98 | +$5.50 |
| Feb 6, 2015 | $51.66 | $55.88 | +$4.22 |
| Feb 9, 2015 | $52.99 | $57.00 | +$4.01 |
| Feb 10, 2015 | $50.06 | $55.79 | +$5.73 |
| Feb 11, 2015 | $48.80 | $53.48 | +$4.68 |
| Feb 12, 2015 | $51.17 | $56.23 | +$5.06 |
| Feb 13, 2015 | $52.66 | $60.33 | +$7.67 |
| Feb 16, 2015 | — | $61.57 | — |
| Feb 17, 2015 | $53.56 | $60.78 | +$7.22 |
| Feb 18, 2015 | $52.13 | $60.72 | +$8.59 |
| Feb 19, 2015 | $51.12 | $58.78 | +$7.66 |
| Feb 20, 2015 | $49.95 | $60.99 | +$11.04 |
| Feb 23, 2015 | $49.56 | $59.78 | +$10.22 |
| Feb 24, 2015 | $48.48 | $60.33 | +$11.85 |
| Feb 25, 2015 | $50.25 | $59.77 | +$9.52 |
| Feb 26, 2015 | $47.65 | $61.39 | +$13.74 |
| Feb 27, 2015 | $49.84 | $61.89 | +$12.05 |
| Mar 2, 2015 | $49.59 | $60.75 | +$11.16 |
| Mar 3, 2015 | $50.43 | $61.18 | +$10.75 |
| Mar 4, 2015 | $51.53 | $59.18 | +$7.65 |
| Mar 5, 2015 | $50.76 | $60.33 | +$9.57 |
| Mar 6, 2015 | $49.61 | $59.15 | +$9.54 |
| Mar 9, 2015 | $49.95 | $58.67 | +$8.72 |
| Mar 10, 2015 | $48.42 | $55.95 | +$7.53 |
| Mar 11, 2015 | $48.06 | $56.46 | +$8.40 |
| Mar 12, 2015 | $47.12 | $56.66 | +$9.54 |
| Mar 13, 2015 | $44.88 | $54.80 | +$9.92 |
| Mar 16, 2015 | $43.93 | $52.00 | +$8.07 |
| Mar 17, 2015 | $43.39 | $52.17 | +$8.78 |
| Mar 18, 2015 | $44.63 | $52.59 | +$7.96 |
| Mar 19, 2015 | $44.02 | $52.96 | +$8.94 |
| Mar 20, 2015 | $46.00 | $53.88 | +$7.88 |
| Mar 23, 2015 | $47.40 | $53.82 | +$6.42 |
| Mar 24, 2015 | $47.03 | $53.61 | +$6.58 |
| Mar 25, 2015 | $48.75 | $54.18 | +$5.43 |
| Mar 26, 2015 | $51.41 | $57.02 | +$5.61 |
| Mar 27, 2015 | $48.83 | $56.44 | +$7.61 |
| Mar 30, 2015 | $48.66 | $53.99 | +$5.33 |
| Mar 31, 2015 | $47.72 | $53.69 | +$5.97 |
| Apr 1, 2015 | $50.12 | $55.73 | +$5.61 |
| Apr 2, 2015 | $49.13 | $55.73 | +$6.60 |
| Apr 6, 2015 | $52.08 | $55.73 | +$3.65 |
| Apr 7, 2015 | $53.95 | $57.55 | +$3.60 |
| Apr 8, 2015 | $50.44 | $56.42 | +$5.98 |
| Apr 9, 2015 | $50.79 | $56.04 | +$5.25 |
| Apr 10, 2015 | $51.63 | $56.82 | +$5.19 |
| Apr 13, 2015 | $51.95 | $57.14 | +$5.19 |
| Apr 14, 2015 | $53.30 | $57.69 | +$4.39 |
| Apr 15, 2015 | $56.25 | $59.32 | +$3.07 |
| Apr 16, 2015 | $56.69 | $60.13 | +$3.44 |
| Apr 17, 2015 | $55.71 | $61.31 | +$5.60 |
| Apr 20, 2015 | $56.37 | $61.20 | +$4.83 |
| Apr 21, 2015 | $55.58 | $60.12 | +$4.54 |
| Apr 22, 2015 | $56.17 | $60.12 | +$3.95 |
| Apr 23, 2015 | $56.59 | $62.66 | +$6.07 |
| Apr 24, 2015 | $55.98 | $62.96 | +$6.98 |
| Apr 27, 2015 | $55.56 | $62.86 | +$7.30 |
| Apr 28, 2015 | $57.05 | $62.61 | +$5.56 |
| Apr 29, 2015 | $58.55 | $63.97 | +$5.42 |
| Apr 30, 2015 | $59.62 | $63.90 | +$4.28 |
| May 1, 2015 | $59.10 | $64.13 | +$5.03 |
| May 4, 2015 | $58.92 | $64.62 | +$5.70 |
| May 5, 2015 | $60.38 | $65.44 | +$5.06 |
| May 6, 2015 | $60.93 | $66.22 | +$5.29 |
| May 7, 2015 | $58.99 | $64.93 | +$5.94 |
| May 8, 2015 | $59.41 | $63.82 | +$4.41 |
| May 11, 2015 | $59.23 | $62.82 | +$3.59 |
| May 12, 2015 | $60.72 | $65.09 | +$4.37 |
| May 13, 2015 | $60.50 | $66.33 | +$5.83 |
| May 14, 2015 | $59.89 | $65.58 | +$5.69 |
| May 15, 2015 | $59.73 | $64.69 | +$4.96 |
| May 18, 2015 | $59.44 | $65.15 | +$5.71 |
| May 19, 2015 | $57.30 | $63.48 | +$6.18 |
| May 20, 2015 | $58.96 | $63.52 | +$4.56 |
| May 21, 2015 | $60.18 | $64.70 | +$4.52 |
| May 22, 2015 | $58.88 | $64.70 | +$5.82 |
| May 26, 2015 | $57.29 | $61.65 | +$4.36 |
| May 27, 2015 | $57.51 | $61.35 | +$3.84 |
| May 28, 2015 | $57.69 | $60.12 | +$2.43 |
| May 29, 2015 | $60.25 | $63.16 | +$2.91 |
| Jun 1, 2015 | $60.24 | $62.87 | +$2.63 |
| Jun 2, 2015 | $61.30 | $63.14 | +$1.84 |
| Jun 3, 2015 | $59.67 | $62.78 | +$3.11 |
| Jun 4, 2015 | $58.00 | $60.34 | +$2.34 |
| Jun 5, 2015 | $59.11 | $60.36 | +$1.25 |
| Jun 8, 2015 | $58.15 | $61.33 | +$3.18 |
| Jun 9, 2015 | $60.15 | $63.23 | +$3.08 |
| Jun 10, 2015 | $61.36 | $64.68 | +$3.32 |
| Jun 11, 2015 | $60.74 | $63.76 | +$3.02 |
| Jun 12, 2015 | $59.96 | $63.19 | +$3.23 |
| Jun 15, 2015 | $59.53 | $60.99 | +$1.46 |
| Jun 16, 2015 | $60.01 | $60.75 | +$0.74 |
| Jun 17, 2015 | $59.89 | $60.75 | +$0.86 |
| Jun 18, 2015 | $60.41 | $61.37 | +$0.96 |
| Jun 19, 2015 | $59.62 | $59.41 | −$0.21 |
| Jun 22, 2015 | $60.01 | $60.54 | +$0.53 |
| Jun 23, 2015 | $61.05 | $61.67 | +$0.62 |
| Jun 24, 2015 | $60.01 | $61.63 | +$1.62 |
| Jun 25, 2015 | $59.59 | $60.24 | +$0.65 |
| Jun 26, 2015 | $59.41 | $60.14 | +$0.73 |
| Jun 29, 2015 | $58.34 | $59.03 | +$0.69 |
| Jun 30, 2015 | $59.48 | $60.31 | +$0.83 |
| Jul 1, 2015 | $56.94 | $61.65 | +$4.71 |
| Jul 2, 2015 | $56.93 | $61.73 | +$4.80 |
| Jul 3, 2015 | — | $59.06 | — |
| Jul 6, 2015 | $52.48 | $57.19 | +$4.71 |
| Jul 7, 2015 | $52.33 | $54.72 | +$2.39 |
| Jul 8, 2015 | $51.61 | $55.70 | +$4.09 |
| Jul 9, 2015 | $52.76 | $57.83 | +$5.07 |
| Jul 10, 2015 | $52.74 | $57.72 | +$4.98 |
| Jul 13, 2015 | $52.19 | $57.63 | +$5.44 |
| Jul 14, 2015 | $53.05 | $57.20 | +$4.15 |
| Jul 15, 2015 | $51.40 | $57.34 | +$5.94 |
| Jul 16, 2015 | $50.90 | $57.31 | +$6.41 |
| Jul 17, 2015 | $50.88 | $56.38 | +$5.50 |
| Jul 20, 2015 | $50.11 | $56.42 | +$6.31 |
| Jul 21, 2015 | $50.59 | $55.94 | +$5.35 |
| Jul 22, 2015 | $49.27 | $56.36 | +$7.09 |
| Jul 23, 2015 | $48.11 | $55.76 | +$7.65 |
| Jul 24, 2015 | $47.98 | $54.29 | +$6.31 |
| Jul 27, 2015 | $47.17 | $54.07 | +$6.90 |
| Jul 28, 2015 | $47.97 | $54.30 | +$6.33 |
| Jul 29, 2015 | $48.77 | $54.73 | +$5.96 |
| Jul 30, 2015 | $48.53 | $54.29 | +$5.76 |
| Jul 31, 2015 | $47.11 | $53.29 | +$6.18 |
| Aug 3, 2015 | $45.25 | $49.49 | +$4.24 |
| Aug 4, 2015 | $45.75 | $49.08 | +$3.33 |
| Aug 5, 2015 | $45.13 | $49.04 | +$3.91 |
| Aug 6, 2015 | $44.69 | $47.80 | +$3.11 |
| Aug 7, 2015 | $43.87 | $47.54 | +$3.67 |
| Aug 10, 2015 | $44.94 | $48.30 | +$3.36 |
| Aug 11, 2015 | $43.11 | $47.33 | +$4.22 |
| Aug 12, 2015 | $43.22 | $48.29 | +$5.07 |
| Aug 13, 2015 | $42.27 | $48.01 | +$5.74 |
| Aug 14, 2015 | $42.45 | $47.79 | +$5.34 |
| Aug 17, 2015 | $41.93 | $47.77 | +$5.84 |
| Aug 18, 2015 | $42.58 | $47.00 | +$4.42 |
| Aug 19, 2015 | $40.75 | $45.75 | +$5.00 |
| Aug 20, 2015 | $41.00 | $45.63 | +$4.63 |
| Aug 21, 2015 | $40.45 | $43.84 | +$3.39 |
| Aug 24, 2015 | $38.22 | $41.59 | +$3.37 |
| Aug 25, 2015 | $39.15 | $41.86 | +$2.71 |
| Aug 26, 2015 | $38.50 | $41.76 | +$3.26 |
| Aug 27, 2015 | $42.47 | $44.46 | +$1.99 |
| Aug 28, 2015 | $45.29 | $47.97 | +$2.68 |
| Aug 31, 2015 | $49.20 | $47.97 | −$1.23 |
| Sep 1, 2015 | $45.38 | $48.80 | +$3.42 |
| Sep 2, 2015 | $46.30 | $47.67 | +$1.37 |
| Sep 3, 2015 | $46.75 | $50.41 | +$3.66 |
| Sep 4, 2015 | $46.02 | $48.59 | +$2.57 |
| Sep 7, 2015 | — | $46.42 | — |
| Sep 8, 2015 | $45.92 | $48.88 | +$2.96 |
| Sep 9, 2015 | $44.13 | $48.04 | +$3.91 |
| Sep 10, 2015 | $45.85 | $47.77 | +$1.92 |
| Sep 11, 2015 | $44.75 | $46.87 | +$2.12 |
| Sep 14, 2015 | $44.07 | $45.87 | +$1.80 |
| Sep 15, 2015 | $44.58 | $45.91 | +$1.33 |
| Sep 16, 2015 | $47.12 | $49.35 | +$2.23 |
| Sep 17, 2015 | $46.93 | $48.27 | +$1.34 |
| Sep 18, 2015 | $44.71 | $47.28 | +$2.57 |
| Sep 21, 2015 | $46.67 | $47.64 | +$0.97 |
| Sep 22, 2015 | $46.17 | $46.69 | +$0.52 |
| Sep 23, 2015 | $44.53 | $48.00 | +$3.47 |
| Sep 24, 2015 | $44.94 | $47.06 | +$2.12 |
| Sep 25, 2015 | $45.55 | $47.28 | +$1.73 |
| Sep 28, 2015 | $44.40 | $46.04 | +$1.64 |
| Sep 29, 2015 | $45.24 | $47.58 | +$2.34 |
| Sep 30, 2015 | $45.06 | $47.29 | +$2.23 |
| Oct 1, 2015 | $44.75 | $47.48 | +$2.73 |
| Oct 2, 2015 | $45.54 | $46.55 | +$1.01 |
| Oct 5, 2015 | $46.28 | $49.45 | +$3.17 |
| Oct 6, 2015 | $48.53 | $51.34 | +$2.81 |
| Oct 7, 2015 | $47.86 | $51.66 | +$3.80 |
| Oct 8, 2015 | $49.46 | $52.13 | +$2.67 |
| Oct 9, 2015 | $49.67 | $52.08 | +$2.41 |
| Oct 12, 2015 | $47.09 | $50.95 | +$3.86 |
| Oct 13, 2015 | $46.70 | $48.94 | +$2.24 |
| Oct 14, 2015 | $46.63 | $48.25 | +$1.62 |
| Oct 15, 2015 | $46.38 | $47.87 | +$1.49 |
| Oct 16, 2015 | $47.30 | $48.96 | +$1.66 |
| Oct 19, 2015 | $45.91 | $47.51 | +$1.60 |
| Oct 20, 2015 | $45.84 | $46.93 | +$1.09 |
| Oct 21, 2015 | $45.22 | $46.72 | +$1.50 |
| Oct 22, 2015 | $44.90 | $46.59 | +$1.69 |
| Oct 23, 2015 | $43.91 | $46.30 | +$2.39 |
| Oct 26, 2015 | $43.19 | $46.57 | +$3.38 |
| Oct 27, 2015 | $43.21 | $45.54 | +$2.33 |
| Oct 28, 2015 | $45.93 | $47.60 | +$1.67 |
| Oct 29, 2015 | $46.02 | $48.04 | +$2.02 |
| Oct 30, 2015 | $46.60 | $48.00 | +$1.40 |
| Nov 2, 2015 | $46.12 | $47.91 | +$1.79 |
| Nov 3, 2015 | $47.88 | $48.00 | +$0.12 |
| Nov 4, 2015 | $46.32 | $46.96 | +$0.64 |
| Nov 5, 2015 | $45.27 | $47.19 | +$1.92 |
| Nov 6, 2015 | $44.32 | $46.09 | +$1.77 |
| Nov 9, 2015 | $43.87 | $45.38 | +$1.51 |
| Nov 10, 2015 | $44.23 | $46.44 | +$2.21 |
| Nov 11, 2015 | $42.95 | $44.98 | +$2.03 |
| Nov 12, 2015 | $41.74 | $44.98 | +$3.24 |
| Nov 13, 2015 | $40.69 | $41.98 | +$1.29 |
| Nov 16, 2015 | $41.68 | $40.28 | −$1.40 |
| Nov 17, 2015 | $40.73 | $41.28 | +$0.55 |
| Nov 18, 2015 | $40.75 | $41.45 | +$0.70 |
| Nov 19, 2015 | $40.55 | $42.22 | +$1.67 |
| Nov 20, 2015 | $39.39 | $42.49 | +$3.10 |
| Nov 23, 2015 | $39.27 | $43.70 | +$4.43 |
| Nov 24, 2015 | $40.89 | $44.38 | +$3.49 |
| Nov 25, 2015 | $41.22 | $43.56 | +$2.34 |
| Nov 26, 2015 | $41.22 | $43.55 | +$2.33 |
| Nov 27, 2015 | $40.57 | $43.07 | +$2.50 |
| Nov 30, 2015 | $40.43 | $43.73 | +$3.30 |
| Dec 1, 2015 | $40.58 | $42.97 | +$2.39 |
| Dec 2, 2015 | $39.93 | $41.92 | +$1.99 |
| Dec 3, 2015 | $41.08 | $42.00 | +$0.92 |
| Dec 4, 2015 | $40.00 | $41.44 | +$1.44 |
| Dec 7, 2015 | $37.64 | $39.69 | +$2.05 |
| Dec 8, 2015 | $37.46 | $39.44 | +$1.98 |
| Dec 9, 2015 | $37.16 | $39.04 | +$1.88 |
| Dec 10, 2015 | $36.76 | $38.65 | +$1.89 |
| Dec 11, 2015 | $35.65 | $36.99 | +$1.34 |
| Dec 14, 2015 | $36.31 | $36.51 | +$0.20 |
| Dec 15, 2015 | $37.32 | $37.66 | +$0.34 |
| Dec 16, 2015 | $35.55 | $36.96 | +$1.41 |
| Dec 17, 2015 | $34.98 | $36.29 | +$1.31 |
| Dec 18, 2015 | $34.72 | $36.76 | +$2.04 |
| Dec 21, 2015 | $34.55 | $35.34 | +$0.79 |
| Dec 22, 2015 | $36.12 | $35.26 | −$0.86 |
| Dec 23, 2015 | $36.76 | $35.79 | −$0.97 |
| Dec 24, 2015 | $37.62 | $37.22 | −$0.40 |
| Dec 25, 2015 | $37.60 | $37.08 | −$0.52 |
| Dec 28, 2015 | $36.36 | $37.08 | +$0.72 |
| Dec 29, 2015 | $37.88 | $36.85 | −$1.03 |
| Dec 30, 2015 | $36.59 | $35.65 | −$0.94 |
| Dec 31, 2015 | $37.13 | $36.61 | −$0.52 |
“—” means EIA published no price for that benchmark on that date.
Price episode covering 2015: 2014–16 price decline
Source and methodology
| Provider | Series | Units | Coverage | Latest observation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| U.S. Energy Information Administration | RWTC — WTI spot price FOB | $/bbl | Jan 2, 2015 – Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2015 |
| U.S. Energy Information Administration | RBRTE — Brent spot price FOB | $/bbl | Jan 2, 2015 – Dec 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2015 |
| U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics | CUUR0000SA0 — CPI-U, all items, NSA | index, 1982–84=100 | monthly and annual average | September 2026 |
Inflation adjustment: real = nominal × CPI-U(September 2026) ÷ CPI-U(period). Annual figures use the BLS annual average CPI-U; a year without one uses the mean of the months published so far.
Last updated: Oct 21, 2026, 5:27 PM CDT. Raw values are shown in source units; any conversion is labeled. See methodology and data sources.
Download:2015 daily prices (CSV)