Oil Prices in 1988: WTI & Brent History and Monthly Averages
WTI averaged $15.97 per barrel in 1988, down $3.23 (16.8%) from 1987.
Monthly average prices in 1988
| Month | WTI avg | WTI high | WTI low | Brent avg | Brent − WTI (matched dates) | WTI (September 2026 $) | Brent (September 2026 $) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| January | $17.13 | $17.89 | $16.56 | $16.75 | −$0.38 | $49.89 | $48.78 |
| February | $16.80 | $17.70 | $15.77 | $15.73 | −$1.07 | $48.80 | $45.69 |
| March | $16.20 | $17.09 | $15.35 | $14.73 | −$1.47 | $46.85 | $42.60 |
| April | $17.86 | $18.54 | $16.72 | $16.60 | −$1.31 | $51.39 | $47.76 |
| May | $17.42 | $17.72 | $17.01 | $16.31 | −$1.11 | $49.95 | $46.77 |
| June | $16.53 | $17.67 | $15.20 | $15.54 | −$0.98 | $47.20 | $44.37 |
| July | $15.50 | $16.37 | $14.35 | $14.91 | −$0.55 | $44.07 | $42.39 |
| August | $15.52 | $16.07 | $15.12 | $14.89 | −$0.63 | $43.94 | $42.16 |
| September | $14.54 | $15.38 | $13.33 | $13.18 | −$1.36 | $40.89 | $37.07 |
| October | $13.77 | $15.33 | $12.58 | $12.41 | −$1.36 | $38.60 | $34.79 |
| November | $14.14 | $15.43 | $13.30 | $13.02 | −$1.12 | $39.60 | $36.47 |
| December | $16.38 | $17.68 | $15.36 | $15.31 | −$1.08 | $45.80 | $42.81 |
Monthly averages are EIA's published figures. Brent − WTI is the average over dates with both prices published, so it can differ from the difference between the two monthly averages. Inflation-adjusted columns use CPI-U for each month, expressed in September 2026 dollars; “—” means CPI-U for that month is not available.
From $12.58 on Oct 5, 1988, WTI climbed to $17.68 by Dec 20, 1988, a 41% gain. The steepest fall within the year ran from $18.54 on Apr 26, 1988 to $12.58 on Oct 5, 1988, a 32% drop. The price moved by 5% or more in a single day 12 times. Between November and December the monthly average rose $2.24, the largest month-to-month change of the year.
Brent traded below WTI throughout 1988: its monthly average was lower in every month, and on the 254 matched dates it averaged $1.04 less. Brent averaged $14.91, down $3.62 (19.5%) from 1987.
Monthly averages peaked early, at $17.86 in April, and bottomed at $13.77 in October. In September 2026 dollars (CPI-U), the 1988 average is $45.49, lower than 2025's real average by $22.95 (33.5%). The 1980s as a whole averaged $17.46, so 1988 ran below its decade. Of 40 complete years with an EIA annual average, 1988 ranks 3rd lowest.
1988 summary statistics
| Measure | WTI | Brent | Brent − WTI |
|---|---|---|---|
| Average | $15.97 | $14.91 | −$1.04 |
| Change vs 1987 average | −$3.23 | −$3.62 | +$0.04 |
| Highest daily price | $18.54 Apr 26, 1988 | $17.95 Jan 4, 1988 | — |
| Lowest daily price | $12.58 Oct 5, 1988 | $11.20 Oct 5, 1988 | — |
| Highest daily spread | — | — | +$0.18 Jan 4, 1988 |
| Lowest daily spread | — | — | −$2.40 Dec 20, 1988 |
| First observation | $17.77 Jan 4, 1988 | $17.95 Jan 4, 1988 | — |
| Last observation | $17.12 Dec 30, 1988 | $16.23 Dec 30, 1988 | — |
| Published daily observations | 257 | 255 | 254 matched |
| Average in September 2026 dollars | $45.49 | $42.47 | — |
Daily spot prices in 1988
Show all 258 dates (Jan 4, 1988 – Dec 30, 1988)
| Date | WTI | Brent | Brent − WTI |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jan 4, 1988 | $17.77 | $17.95 | +$0.18 |
| Jan 5, 1988 | $17.89 | $17.08 | −$0.81 |
| Jan 6, 1988 | $17.73 | $17.90 | +$0.17 |
| Jan 7, 1988 | $17.30 | — | — |
| Jan 8, 1988 | $17.33 | $16.88 | −$0.45 |
| Jan 11, 1988 | $16.63 | $16.65 | +$0.02 |
| Jan 12, 1988 | $16.76 | $15.95 | −$0.81 |
| Jan 13, 1988 | $16.56 | $16.38 | −$0.18 |
| Jan 14, 1988 | $17.10 | $16.55 | −$0.55 |
| Jan 15, 1988 | $16.92 | $16.65 | −$0.27 |
| Jan 18, 1988 | $17.28 | $16.83 | −$0.45 |
| Jan 19, 1988 | $17.30 | $17.10 | −$0.20 |
| Jan 20, 1988 | $17.20 | $16.83 | −$0.37 |
| Jan 21, 1988 | $17.21 | $17.08 | −$0.13 |
| Jan 22, 1988 | $16.99 | $16.70 | −$0.29 |
| Jan 25, 1988 | $17.11 | $16.45 | −$0.66 |
| Jan 26, 1988 | $16.96 | — | — |
| Jan 27, 1988 | $16.64 | $16.13 | −$0.51 |
| Jan 28, 1988 | $16.94 | $16.10 | −$0.84 |
| Jan 29, 1988 | $16.97 | $16.28 | −$0.69 |
| Feb 1, 1988 | $16.83 | $16.10 | −$0.73 |
| Feb 2, 1988 | $16.92 | $16.18 | −$0.74 |
| Feb 3, 1988 | $17.12 | $16.15 | −$0.97 |
| Feb 4, 1988 | $17.17 | $16.18 | −$0.99 |
| Feb 5, 1988 | $17.34 | $16.10 | −$1.24 |
| Feb 8, 1988 | $17.70 | $16.50 | −$1.20 |
| Feb 9, 1988 | $17.38 | $16.40 | −$0.98 |
| Feb 10, 1988 | $17.12 | $16.13 | −$0.99 |
| Feb 11, 1988 | $17.17 | $16.10 | −$1.07 |
| Feb 12, 1988 | $16.84 | $15.75 | −$1.09 |
| Feb 15, 1988 | $16.84 | $15.68 | −$1.16 |
| Feb 16, 1988 | $16.80 | $15.63 | −$1.17 |
| Feb 17, 1988 | $16.62 | $15.85 | −$0.77 |
| Feb 18, 1988 | $16.50 | $15.48 | −$1.02 |
| Feb 19, 1988 | $16.73 | $15.55 | −$1.18 |
| Feb 22, 1988 | $16.64 | $15.38 | −$1.26 |
| Feb 23, 1988 | $16.80 | $15.58 | −$1.22 |
| Feb 24, 1988 | $16.58 | $15.35 | −$1.23 |
| Feb 25, 1988 | $15.86 | $14.85 | −$1.01 |
| Feb 26, 1988 | $15.77 | $14.65 | −$1.12 |
| Feb 29, 1988 | $15.98 | $14.73 | −$1.25 |
| Mar 1, 1988 | $15.57 | $14.18 | −$1.39 |
| Mar 2, 1988 | $15.69 | $13.80 | −$1.89 |
| Mar 3, 1988 | $15.35 | $14.00 | −$1.35 |
| Mar 4, 1988 | $15.63 | $14.00 | −$1.63 |
| Mar 7, 1988 | $15.35 | $13.90 | −$1.45 |
| Mar 8, 1988 | $15.58 | $13.80 | −$1.78 |
| Mar 9, 1988 | $15.52 | $13.98 | −$1.54 |
| Mar 10, 1988 | $16.04 | $14.48 | −$1.56 |
| Mar 11, 1988 | $16.20 | $14.88 | −$1.32 |
| Mar 14, 1988 | $15.57 | $14.28 | −$1.29 |
| Mar 15, 1988 | $15.81 | $14.30 | −$1.51 |
| Mar 16, 1988 | $16.03 | $14.45 | −$1.58 |
| Mar 17, 1988 | $16.39 | $14.43 | −$1.96 |
| Mar 18, 1988 | $16.61 | $14.93 | −$1.68 |
| Mar 21, 1988 | $16.52 | $15.38 | −$1.14 |
| Mar 22, 1988 | $16.02 | $15.03 | −$0.99 |
| Mar 23, 1988 | $16.58 | $15.40 | −$1.18 |
| Mar 24, 1988 | $16.73 | $15.65 | −$1.08 |
| Mar 25, 1988 | $17.07 | $15.45 | −$1.62 |
| Mar 28, 1988 | $17.05 | $15.55 | −$1.50 |
| Mar 29, 1988 | $17.08 | $15.60 | −$1.48 |
| Mar 30, 1988 | $17.06 | $15.70 | −$1.36 |
| Mar 31, 1988 | $17.09 | $15.65 | −$1.44 |
| Apr 4, 1988 | $16.99 | — | — |
| Apr 5, 1988 | $16.72 | $15.50 | −$1.22 |
| Apr 6, 1988 | $16.80 | $15.38 | −$1.42 |
| Apr 7, 1988 | $17.05 | $15.53 | −$1.52 |
| Apr 8, 1988 | $16.87 | $15.55 | −$1.32 |
| Apr 11, 1988 | $17.87 | $16.20 | −$1.67 |
| Apr 12, 1988 | $18.06 | $16.48 | −$1.58 |
| Apr 13, 1988 | $18.12 | $16.55 | −$1.57 |
| Apr 14, 1988 | $18.40 | $16.65 | −$1.75 |
| Apr 15, 1988 | $18.32 | $16.85 | −$1.47 |
| Apr 18, 1988 | $18.50 | $17.45 | −$1.05 |
| Apr 19, 1988 | $17.92 | $17.05 | −$0.87 |
| Apr 20, 1988 | $17.93 | $16.78 | −$1.15 |
| Apr 21, 1988 | $18.34 | $17.00 | −$1.34 |
| Apr 22, 1988 | $18.13 | $17.15 | −$0.98 |
| Apr 25, 1988 | $18.36 | $17.13 | −$1.23 |
| Apr 26, 1988 | $18.54 | $17.18 | −$1.36 |
| Apr 27, 1988 | $18.32 | $17.40 | −$0.92 |
| Apr 28, 1988 | $17.91 | $16.88 | −$1.03 |
| Apr 29, 1988 | $18.10 | $16.60 | −$1.50 |
| May 2, 1988 | $17.12 | $15.95 | −$1.17 |
| May 3, 1988 | $17.30 | $16.08 | −$1.22 |
| May 4, 1988 | $17.23 | $16.15 | −$1.08 |
| May 5, 1988 | $17.41 | $16.15 | −$1.26 |
| May 6, 1988 | $17.63 | $16.45 | −$1.18 |
| May 9, 1988 | $17.56 | $16.50 | −$1.06 |
| May 10, 1988 | $17.50 | $16.38 | −$1.12 |
| May 11, 1988 | $17.48 | $16.48 | −$1.00 |
| May 12, 1988 | $17.49 | $16.40 | −$1.09 |
| May 13, 1988 | $17.53 | $16.50 | −$1.03 |
| May 16, 1988 | $17.70 | $16.60 | −$1.10 |
| May 17, 1988 | $17.72 | $16.60 | −$1.12 |
| May 18, 1988 | $17.39 | $16.40 | −$0.99 |
| May 19, 1988 | $17.43 | $16.25 | −$1.18 |
| May 20, 1988 | $17.41 | $16.45 | −$0.96 |
| May 23, 1988 | $17.01 | $16.23 | −$0.78 |
| May 24, 1988 | $17.04 | $16.30 | −$0.74 |
| May 25, 1988 | $17.39 | $16.18 | −$1.21 |
| May 26, 1988 | $17.54 | $16.18 | −$1.36 |
| May 27, 1988 | $17.45 | $16.25 | −$1.20 |
| May 30, 1988 | $17.45 | $16.23 | −$1.22 |
| May 31, 1988 | $17.54 | $16.20 | −$1.34 |
| Jun 1, 1988 | $17.60 | $16.33 | −$1.27 |
| Jun 2, 1988 | $17.67 | $16.33 | −$1.34 |
| Jun 3, 1988 | $17.51 | $16.45 | −$1.06 |
| Jun 6, 1988 | $17.28 | $16.25 | −$1.03 |
| Jun 7, 1988 | $17.32 | $16.23 | −$1.09 |
| Jun 8, 1988 | $17.35 | $16.28 | −$1.07 |
| Jun 9, 1988 | $17.09 | $16.30 | −$0.79 |
| Jun 10, 1988 | $16.70 | $15.85 | −$0.85 |
| Jun 13, 1988 | $16.43 | $15.53 | −$0.90 |
| Jun 14, 1988 | $16.85 | $15.85 | −$1.00 |
| Jun 15, 1988 | $16.56 | $15.70 | −$0.86 |
| Jun 16, 1988 | $16.62 | $15.43 | −$1.19 |
| Jun 17, 1988 | $16.43 | $15.48 | −$0.95 |
| Jun 20, 1988 | $16.02 | $15.00 | −$1.02 |
| Jun 21, 1988 | $15.82 | $15.00 | −$0.82 |
| Jun 22, 1988 | $16.03 | $15.13 | −$0.90 |
| Jun 23, 1988 | $15.86 | $15.18 | −$0.68 |
| Jun 24, 1988 | $16.03 | $15.15 | −$0.88 |
| Jun 27, 1988 | $15.86 | $14.93 | −$0.93 |
| Jun 28, 1988 | $16.01 | $14.83 | −$1.18 |
| Jun 29, 1988 | $15.37 | $14.55 | −$0.82 |
| Jun 30, 1988 | $15.20 | $14.18 | −$1.02 |
| Jul 1, 1988 | $14.92 | $13.95 | −$0.97 |
| Jul 4, 1988 | — | $14.05 | — |
| Jul 5, 1988 | $15.11 | $13.98 | −$1.13 |
| Jul 6, 1988 | $15.44 | $14.50 | −$0.94 |
| Jul 7, 1988 | $15.83 | $15.50 | −$0.33 |
| Jul 8, 1988 | $15.42 | $15.05 | −$0.37 |
| Jul 11, 1988 | $14.56 | $14.63 | +$0.07 |
| Jul 12, 1988 | $14.61 | $14.00 | −$0.61 |
| Jul 13, 1988 | $14.35 | $14.10 | −$0.25 |
| Jul 14, 1988 | $14.84 | $14.10 | −$0.74 |
| Jul 15, 1988 | $14.85 | $14.25 | −$0.60 |
| Jul 18, 1988 | $15.84 | $15.00 | −$0.84 |
| Jul 19, 1988 | $15.16 | $14.93 | −$0.23 |
| Jul 20, 1988 | $15.76 | $15.48 | −$0.28 |
| Jul 21, 1988 | $16.28 | $15.63 | −$0.65 |
| Jul 22, 1988 | $16.27 | $15.83 | −$0.44 |
| Jul 25, 1988 | $16.09 | $15.80 | −$0.29 |
| Jul 26, 1988 | $15.99 | $15.38 | −$0.61 |
| Jul 27, 1988 | $16.18 | $15.45 | −$0.73 |
| Jul 28, 1988 | $16.08 | $15.70 | −$0.38 |
| Jul 29, 1988 | $16.37 | $15.75 | −$0.62 |
| Aug 1, 1988 | $16.07 | $15.60 | −$0.47 |
| Aug 2, 1988 | $15.57 | $15.35 | −$0.22 |
| Aug 3, 1988 | $15.20 | $15.00 | −$0.20 |
| Aug 4, 1988 | $15.12 | $14.50 | −$0.62 |
| Aug 5, 1988 | $15.31 | $14.85 | −$0.46 |
| Aug 8, 1988 | $15.84 | $15.48 | −$0.36 |
| Aug 9, 1988 | $15.56 | $15.40 | −$0.16 |
| Aug 10, 1988 | $15.65 | $15.10 | −$0.55 |
| Aug 11, 1988 | $15.75 | $15.13 | −$0.62 |
| Aug 12, 1988 | $15.54 | $14.98 | −$0.56 |
| Aug 15, 1988 | $15.59 | $14.80 | −$0.79 |
| Aug 16, 1988 | $15.51 | $14.85 | −$0.66 |
| Aug 17, 1988 | $15.46 | $14.75 | −$0.71 |
| Aug 18, 1988 | $15.59 | $14.78 | −$0.81 |
| Aug 19, 1988 | $15.77 | $14.85 | −$0.92 |
| Aug 22, 1988 | $15.75 | $15.03 | −$0.72 |
| Aug 23, 1988 | $15.71 | $14.80 | −$0.91 |
| Aug 24, 1988 | $15.55 | $14.85 | −$0.70 |
| Aug 25, 1988 | $15.33 | $14.63 | −$0.70 |
| Aug 26, 1988 | $15.35 | $14.50 | −$0.85 |
| Aug 29, 1988 | $15.24 | $14.48 | −$0.76 |
| Aug 30, 1988 | $15.39 | $14.45 | −$0.94 |
| Aug 31, 1988 | $15.19 | $14.40 | −$0.79 |
| Sep 1, 1988 | $15.05 | $14.15 | −$0.90 |
| Sep 2, 1988 | $14.79 | $14.00 | −$0.79 |
| Sep 5, 1988 | $14.79 | $13.68 | −$1.11 |
| Sep 6, 1988 | $14.25 | $13.35 | −$0.90 |
| Sep 7, 1988 | $14.29 | $13.18 | −$1.11 |
| Sep 8, 1988 | $14.51 | $13.30 | −$1.21 |
| Sep 9, 1988 | $14.14 | $13.25 | −$0.89 |
| Sep 12, 1988 | $14.48 | $12.70 | −$1.78 |
| Sep 13, 1988 | $14.55 | $13.40 | −$1.15 |
| Sep 14, 1988 | $15.38 | $13.90 | −$1.48 |
| Sep 15, 1988 | $14.86 | $13.50 | −$1.36 |
| Sep 16, 1988 | $14.50 | $13.23 | −$1.27 |
| Sep 19, 1988 | $14.72 | $12.85 | −$1.87 |
| Sep 20, 1988 | $15.08 | $13.15 | −$1.93 |
| Sep 21, 1988 | $15.19 | $13.05 | −$2.14 |
| Sep 22, 1988 | $15.25 | $13.20 | −$2.05 |
| Sep 23, 1988 | $14.26 | $13.20 | −$1.06 |
| Sep 26, 1988 | $14.16 | $13.10 | −$1.06 |
| Sep 27, 1988 | $14.22 | $12.58 | −$1.64 |
| Sep 28, 1988 | $14.07 | $12.75 | −$1.32 |
| Sep 29, 1988 | $13.91 | $12.50 | −$1.41 |
| Sep 30, 1988 | $13.33 | $11.93 | −$1.40 |
| Oct 3, 1988 | $13.03 | $11.60 | −$1.43 |
| Oct 4, 1988 | $13.03 | $11.65 | −$1.38 |
| Oct 5, 1988 | $12.58 | $11.20 | −$1.38 |
| Oct 6, 1988 | $12.62 | $11.30 | −$1.32 |
| Oct 7, 1988 | $12.99 | $11.35 | −$1.64 |
| Oct 10, 1988 | $13.59 | $12.20 | −$1.39 |
| Oct 11, 1988 | $13.63 | $12.35 | −$1.28 |
| Oct 12, 1988 | $14.02 | $12.45 | −$1.57 |
| Oct 13, 1988 | $14.26 | $12.55 | −$1.71 |
| Oct 14, 1988 | $14.90 | $13.20 | −$1.70 |
| Oct 17, 1988 | $15.16 | $13.55 | −$1.61 |
| Oct 18, 1988 | $14.63 | $12.90 | −$1.73 |
| Oct 19, 1988 | $15.33 | $13.35 | −$1.98 |
| Oct 20, 1988 | $14.44 | $13.50 | −$0.94 |
| Oct 21, 1988 | $14.22 | $13.48 | −$0.74 |
| Oct 24, 1988 | $12.94 | $12.20 | −$0.74 |
| Oct 25, 1988 | $13.36 | $12.08 | −$1.28 |
| Oct 26, 1988 | $13.45 | $12.08 | −$1.37 |
| Oct 27, 1988 | $13.67 | $12.33 | −$1.34 |
| Oct 28, 1988 | $13.79 | $12.60 | −$1.19 |
| Oct 31, 1988 | $13.54 | $12.60 | −$0.94 |
| Nov 1, 1988 | $13.52 | $12.18 | −$1.34 |
| Nov 2, 1988 | $13.78 | $12.35 | −$1.43 |
| Nov 3, 1988 | $13.89 | $12.50 | −$1.39 |
| Nov 4, 1988 | $14.04 | $12.75 | −$1.29 |
| Nov 7, 1988 | $14.08 | $12.75 | −$1.33 |
| Nov 8, 1988 | $13.70 | $12.60 | −$1.10 |
| Nov 9, 1988 | $13.88 | $12.70 | −$1.18 |
| Nov 10, 1988 | $13.99 | $13.03 | −$0.96 |
| Nov 11, 1988 | $13.99 | $13.03 | −$0.96 |
| Nov 14, 1988 | $14.25 | $13.00 | −$1.25 |
| Nov 15, 1988 | $14.03 | $13.00 | −$1.03 |
| Nov 16, 1988 | $13.68 | $12.70 | −$0.98 |
| Nov 17, 1988 | $13.30 | $12.05 | −$1.25 |
| Nov 18, 1988 | $13.47 | $12.08 | −$1.39 |
| Nov 21, 1988 | $13.73 | $12.13 | −$1.60 |
| Nov 22, 1988 | $14.78 | $13.35 | −$1.43 |
| Nov 23, 1988 | $14.11 | $13.33 | −$0.78 |
| Nov 24, 1988 | $14.11 | $12.98 | −$1.13 |
| Nov 25, 1988 | $15.43 | $14.70 | −$0.73 |
| Nov 28, 1988 | $14.93 | $14.73 | −$0.20 |
| Nov 29, 1988 | $15.00 | $14.25 | −$0.75 |
| Nov 30, 1988 | $15.42 | $14.35 | −$1.07 |
| Dec 1, 1988 | $15.63 | $14.93 | −$0.70 |
| Dec 2, 1988 | $15.69 | $14.80 | −$0.89 |
| Dec 5, 1988 | $15.36 | $14.73 | −$0.63 |
| Dec 6, 1988 | $15.51 | $14.40 | −$1.11 |
| Dec 7, 1988 | $15.80 | $14.70 | −$1.10 |
| Dec 8, 1988 | $15.48 | $15.05 | −$0.43 |
| Dec 9, 1988 | $15.90 | $14.90 | −$1.00 |
| Dec 12, 1988 | $16.08 | $15.20 | −$0.88 |
| Dec 13, 1988 | $15.93 | $15.18 | −$0.75 |
| Dec 14, 1988 | $16.33 | $15.35 | −$0.98 |
| Dec 15, 1988 | $16.39 | $15.58 | −$0.81 |
| Dec 16, 1988 | $16.81 | $15.60 | −$1.21 |
| Dec 19, 1988 | $16.24 | $15.30 | −$0.94 |
| Dec 20, 1988 | $17.68 | $15.28 | −$2.40 |
| Dec 21, 1988 | $17.27 | $15.33 | −$1.94 |
| Dec 22, 1988 | $17.36 | $15.25 | −$2.11 |
| Dec 23, 1988 | $16.63 | $15.38 | −$1.25 |
| Dec 27, 1988 | $16.98 | $16.25 | −$0.73 |
| Dec 28, 1988 | $17.03 | $16.10 | −$0.93 |
| Dec 29, 1988 | $16.81 | $15.90 | −$0.91 |
| Dec 30, 1988 | $17.12 | $16.23 | −$0.89 |
“—” means EIA published no price for that benchmark on that date.
Source and methodology
| Provider | Series | Units | Coverage | Latest observation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| U.S. Energy Information Administration | RWTC — WTI spot price FOB | $/bbl | Jan 4, 1988 – Dec 30, 1988 | Dec 30, 1988 |
| U.S. Energy Information Administration | RBRTE — Brent spot price FOB | $/bbl | Jan 4, 1988 – Dec 30, 1988 | Dec 30, 1988 |
| U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics | CUUR0000SA0 — CPI-U, all items, NSA | index, 1982–84=100 | monthly and annual average | September 2026 |
Inflation adjustment: real = nominal × CPI-U(September 2026) ÷ CPI-U(period). Annual figures use the BLS annual average CPI-U; a year without one uses the mean of the months published so far.
Last updated: Oct 21, 2026, 5:27 PM CDT. Raw values are shown in source units; any conversion is labeled. See methodology and data sources.
Download:1988 daily prices (CSV)